8/25/2023 0 Comments Colonial window panesA bay window is a projection from the outer wall of a building that creates a recess, or bay, within (Figure C).įigure B. Palladian windows feature a central arched window flanked by two rectangular windows (Figure B). Grouped windows are termed paired, ribbon (three or more uniform windows in a horizontal band), or Palladian. Window openings may feature decorative surrounds of projecting molding and incorporate Classical elements, described later in this section. Its counterpart at the top of the window is the lintel (Figure A). The horizontal element forming the base of a window (or door) is called the sill (Figure A). A single-hung 6 over 9 window on a Georgian period house. The molding elements separating individual panes of glass in a sash are called muntins or mullions (Figure A).įigure A. By the mid-19th century, a single sash could contain four, three, two, or even a single pane of glass. A window with 12 panes in both the top and bottom sash is described as “12 over 12.” In the early 19th century, nine- and six-pane sash became more common. The most common window types were casement (side hinged, single sash) or single- or double-hung with upper and lower sash.Įighteenth century windows generally featured 12 or more panes per sash. By the mid 1900s, panes large enough to fill a single sash became available. As glassmaking technology improved and prices fell through the 18th and 19th centuries, windowpanes grew in size. When glass became more common, it was used in small square or diamond-shaped panes (also called lights) held in place by wooden or metal frames. Glass was a rare and expensive commodity until the 17th century in America, and most early window openings were covered with fabric, skins, paper, or solid wood sashes. Windows provide important clues to the age and style of a house. Elevation refers to a scaled architectural drawing of the front, rear, or side of a building. The pediment over this door is broken.Īny one of a building’s faces can be called a façade, but the term is generally used for the main face that contains the principal entrance. Pediments, which are often seen over doors and entries, can be straight, curved or broken (notched at the top, as in Figure I).įigure I. This portico is supported by columns and surmounted by a pediment.Ī pediment (Figure G) is the triangular space forming the gable end of a building, or the same form used elsewhere in architecture and decoration. Smaller projecting elements include porches, porticos (Figure H), enclosed entries, dormers (Figure E), cupolas (Figure G) and towers.įigure H. An ell is an addition that creates an L-shaped floor plan it is usually added to the rear of a building. A wing is a relatively large side projection that is smaller than the main mass. Projections from the basic box shape take various forms. The mansard roof of this carriage house is topped by a cupola. This house, perfectly square-shaped and known as a Four Square, has a hipped roof.įigure G. This side-gabled house has a gambrel roof with three dormers.įigure F. Mansard (also called French) is a hipped roof variation with two slopes, in which the lower slope is steeper than the upper slope (Figure G).įigure E. In a hipped roof, which has no gables, four sloping surfaces form the roof (Figure F). The porch of this front-gabled house has a pediment over the entrance stairs.Ī gambrel roof is gabled with two slopes on each side of a center ridge – a shallow slope above a steeply pitched slope it is also known as a Dutch roof (E). Side elevation of a saltbox house.įigure C. ![]() This side-gabled house has single central chimney.įigure B. Cross gables occur when roof gables intersect at right angles (Figure D).įigure A. A new house form was introduced in the early 19th century with the front-gabled (also called end-gabled) houses of the Greek Revival and continued into the Victorian period (Figure C). The familiar New England saltbox style is a variation of the side-gabled form in which a lean-to addition continues the back roof slope (Figure B). The earliest house forms in America were side-gabled (Figure A). A gable, the wall that encloses the end of a roof, can occur at the side or the front of the box. The simplest house form is a single box with a gabled roof. ![]() The shape of the box and the shape and orientation of the roof define a house’s characteristic form. With few exceptions, all houses are composed of boxes with roofs. This section introduces basic architectural terms and focuses on the larger shapes and elements that help distinguish one house form from another. Many of us struggle to name the myriad structural and decorative components that make up a house. International, Modernistic, Modern and Neoeclectic (1920–Present).
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